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Amazon AWS Certified DevOps Engineer - Professional Sample Questions (Q145-Q150):

NEW QUESTION # 145
A company is reviewing its 1AM policies. One policy written by the DevOps engineer has been (lagged as too permissive. The policy is used by an AWS Lambda function that issues a stop command to Amazon EC2 instances tagged with Environment: NonProduccion over the weekend. The current policy is:

What changes should the engineer make to achieve a policy ot least permission? (Select THREE.)

Answer: C,E,F

Explanation:
The engineer should make the following changes to achieve a policy of least permission:
A: Add a condition to ensure that the principal making the request is an AWS Lambda function. This ensures that only Lambda functions can execute this policy.
B: Narrow down the resources by specifying the ARN of EC2 instances instead of allowing all resources. This ensures that the policy only affects EC2 instances.
D: Add a condition to ensure that this policy only applies to EC2 instances tagged with "Environment: NonProduction". This ensures that production environments are not affected by this policy.
Reference:
AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) - AWS Documentation
Certified DevOps Engineer - Professional (DOP-C02) Study Guide (page 179)

NEW QUESTION # 146
A company has multiple development groups working in a single shared AWS account. The Senior Manager of the groups wants to be alerted via a third-party API call when the creation of resources approaches the service limits for the account.
Which solution will accomplish this with the LEAST amount of development effort?

A. Deploy an AWS Lambda function that refreshes AWS Trusted Advisor checks, and configure an Amazon CloudWatch Events rule to run the Lambda function periodically. Create another CloudWatch Events rule with an event pattern matching Trusted Advisor events and a target Lambda function. In the target Lambda function, notify the Senior Manager.
B. Add an AWS Config custom rule that runs periodically, checks the AWS service limit status, and streams notifications to an Amazon SNS topic. Deploy an AWS Lambda function that notifies the Senior Manager, and subscribe the Lambda function to the SNS topic.
C. Create an Amazon CloudWatch Event rule that runs periodically and targets an AWS Lambda function.
Within the Lambda function, evaluate the current state of the AWS environment and compare deployed resource values to resource limits on the account. Notify the Senior Manager if the account is approaching a service limit.
D. Deploy an AWS Lambda function that refreshes AWS Personal Health Dashboard checks, and configure an Amazon CloudWatch Events rule to run the Lambda function periodically. Create another CloudWatch Events rule with an event pattern matching Personal Health Dashboard events and a target Lambda function. In the target Lambda function, notify the Senior Manager.

Answer: A

Explanation:
To meet the requirements, the company needs to create a solution that alerts the Senior Manager when the creation of resources approaches the service limits for the account with the least amount of development effort. The company can use AWS Trusted Advisor, which is a service that provides best practice recommendations for cost optimization, performance, security, and service limits. The company can deploy an AWS Lambda function that refreshes Trusted Advisor checks, and configure an Amazon CloudWatch Events rule to run the Lambda function periodically. This will ensure that Trusted Advisor checks are up to date and reflect the current state of the account. The company can then create another CloudWatch Events rule with an event pattern matching Trusted Advisor events and a target Lambda function. The event pattern can filter for events related to service limit checks and their status. The target Lambda function can notify the Senior Manager via a third-party API call if the event indicates that the account is approaching or exceeding a service limit.

NEW QUESTION # 147
A company needs to ensure that flow logs remain configured for all existing and new VPCs in its AWS account. The company uses an AWS CloudFormation stack to manage its VPCs. The company needs a solution that will work for any VPCs that any IAM user creates.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Turn on AWS Config. Create an AWS Config rule to check whether VPC flow logs are turned on. Configure automatic remediation to turn on VPC flow logs.
B. Add the resource to the CloudFormation stack that creates the VPCs.
C. Create an IAM policy to deny the use of API calls for VPC flow logs. Attach the IAM policy to all IAM users.
D. Create an organization in AWS Organizations. Add the company's AWS account to the organization. Create an SCP to prevent users from modifying VPC flow logs.

Answer: A

Explanation:
To meet the requirements of ensuring that flow logs remain configured for all existing and new VPCs in the AWS account, the company should use AWS Config and automatic remediation. AWS Config is a service that enables customers to assess, audit, and evaluate the configurations of their AWS resources. AWS Config continuously monitors and records the configuration changes of the AWS resources and evaluates them against desired configurations. Customers can use AWS Config rules to define the desired configuration state of their AWS resources and trigger actions when a resource configuration violates a rule.
One of the AWS Config rules that customers can use is vpc-flow-logs-enabled, which checks whether VPC flow logs are enabled for all VPCs in an AWS account. Customers can also configure automatic remediation for this rule, which means that AWS Config will automatically enable VPC flow logs for any VPCs that do not have them enabled. Customers can specify the destination (CloudWatch Logs or S3) and the traffic type (all, accept, or reject) for the flow logs as remediation parameters. By using AWS Config and automatic remediation, the company can ensure that flow logs remain configured for all existing and new VPCs in its AWS account, regardless of who creates them or how they are created.
The other options are not correct because they do not meet the requirements or follow best practices. Adding the resource to the CloudFormation stack that creates the VPCs is not a sufficient solution because it will only work for VPCs that are created by using the CloudFormation stack. It will not work for VPCs that are created by using other methods, such as the console or the API. Creating an organization in AWS Organizations and creating an SCP to prevent users from modifying VPC flow logs is not a good solution because it will not ensure that flow logs are enabled for all VPCs in the first place. It will only prevent users from disabling or changing flow logs after they are enabled. Creating an IAM policy to deny the use of API calls for VPC flow logs and attaching it to all IAM users is not a valid solution because it will prevent users from enabling or disabling flow logs at all. It will also not work for VPCs that are created by using other methods, such as the console or CloudFormation.
References:
1: AWS::EC2::FlowLog - AWS CloudFormation
2: Amazon VPC Flow Logs extends CloudFormation Support to custom format subscriptions, 1-minute aggregation intervals and tagging
3: Logging IP traffic using VPC Flow Logs - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud
4: About AWS Config - AWS Config
5: vpc-flow-logs-enabled - AWS Config
6: Remediate Noncompliant Resources with AWS Config Rules - AWS Config

NEW QUESTION # 148
A video-sharing company stores its videos in an Amazon S3 bucket. The company needs to analyze user access patterns such as the number of users who access a specific video each month.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST development effort?

A. Invoke an AWS Lambda function for every S3 object access event. Configure the Lambda function to write the file access information, including user ID, S3 bucket ID, and file key, to an Amazon Aurora database. Run SQL queries on the Aurora database to analyze the user access patterns.
B. Record a log message in Amazon CloudWatch Logs for every S3 object access event. Configure a log stream in CloudWatch Logs to write the file access information, including user ID, S3 bucket ID, and file key, to an Amazon Managed Service for Apache Flink application. Perform a sliding window analysis on the user access patterns.
C. Enable Amazon S3 server access logging. Use Amazon Athena to create an external table that contains the access logs. Run SQL queries on the Athena table to analyze the user access patterns.
D. Enable Amazon S3 server access logging. Load the access logs into an Amazon Aurora database. Run SQL queries on the Aurora database to analyze the user access patterns.

Answer: C

Explanation:
Amazon S3 can generate server access logs that record detailed information about each request, including requester, bucket, key, operation, time, and status. These logs are written as objects to an S3 bucket. To analyze access patterns, the simplest and most serverless approach is to use Amazon Athena directly on those logs without building ingestion pipelines or databases.
Option B enables S3 server access logging and then creates an Athena external table over the log bucket.
AWS provides standard log formats and even example schemas for S3 access logs. The analytics team can run ad hoc SQL queries to count the number of accesses per object per time period, filter by user, and perform aggregations, all without provisioning compute or managing databases.
Option A requires ingesting logs into Aurora, which adds ETL complexity and ongoing database management. Option C requires a Lambda function for every access event plus DB writes, which is more complex and potentially expensive at scale. Option D uses CloudWatch Logs and Managed Flink, which is more suited for streaming analytics and is significantly more complex than necessary for monthly summary reports.
Therefore, Option B provides the required analysis with the least development and operational effort.

NEW QUESTION # 149
A company uses an Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS) cluster to deploy its web applications on containers. The web applications contain confidential data that cannot be decrypted without specific credentials.
A DevOps engineer has stored the credentials in AWS Secrets Manager. The secrets are encrypted by an AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) customer managed key. A Kubernetes service account for a third-party tool makes the secrets available to the applications. The service account assumes an IAM role that the company created to access the secrets.
The service account receives an Access Denied (403 Forbidden) error while trying to retrieve the secrets from Secrets Manager.
What is the root cause of this issue?

A. The IAM role that is attached to the EKS cluster does not have access to retrieve the secrets from Secrets Manager.
B. The key policy for the customer managed key does not allow the Kubernetes service account IAM role to use the key.
C. The key policy for the customer managed key does not allow the EKS cluster IAM role to use the key.
D. The IAM role that is assumed by the Kubernetes service account does not have permission to access the EKS cluster.

Answer: B

Explanation:
Accessing a secret from AWS Secrets Manager that is encrypted with a customer managed KMS key requires two distinct permission layers to succeed:
* Secrets Manager permissions (via IAM) such as secretsmanager:GetSecretValue for the IAM role assumed by the Kubernetes service account.
* KMS key usage permissions in the KMS key policy, allowing the same IAM principal to perform kms:
Decrypt (and possibly kms:GenerateDataKey) on the customer managed key.
In this scenario, the service account assumes an IAM role explicitly created to access the secrets. The symptom is an HTTP 403 "Access Denied" when retrieving the secret. If the IAM role has Secrets Manager permissions but the call still fails, the typical root cause is that the KMS key policy does not trust or allow that IAM role, so the decrypt operation fails.
Option B correctly identifies that the KMS key policy must include the Kubernetes service account IAM role as a principal with the appropriate KMS actions.
Option A and C refer to the EKS cluster IAM role, which is not the principal making the call. Option D is unrelated: the role's ability to "access the EKS cluster" does not affect its ability to call Secrets Manager or KMS. The missing KMS key policy permission is the underlying cause.

NEW QUESTION # 150
......

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